Student helpers: Filippo Borsato, Hannah Erb, Hyosun Jang, Fatih Ozhasar, Zeynep Özgülec, and Jonathan Vincent.
Special thanks: Valerie Hase (LMU Munich)
The current state of framing literature
“Some studies employ the concept only in a metaphoric sense, whereas others reduce frames to story topics, attributes, or issue position”
Carragee & Roefs (2004)
“(Framing researchers) give an obligatory nod to the literature before proceeding to do whatever they were going to do in the first place.”
Reese (2007)
What’s a frame?
Entmanian Frame: “Select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.”
Entman (1993)
Chan’s restatement: Frame is the result of an act of selecting certain aspects of a perceived reality by a communicator, whose intention is to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evalution, and/or treatment recommendation.
Raison d’être: Generic frames
“transcend thematic limitations and can be identified in relation to different topics, some even over time and in different cultural contexts”
de Vreese (2005)
Raison d’être: Factual data
Semetko & Valkenburg (2000)
Raison d’être: Counterfactual data
Generation of counterfactual data
Distribution
topic
Conflict
Conseq.
Hum. Int.
Morality
Resp.
Climate
6
1
7
2
4
Corona
5
3
4
5
3
Joker
1
5
5
6
3
Tech
4
7
2
3
4
Ukraine
5
6
2
2
5
Example: Evaluation I
Semetko & Valkenburg (2000)
“Gold Standard”
2 x trained students
2 x experts with PhD in communication
van Atteveldt, van der Velden M A C G, Boukes M. (2021)
Multiverse analysis (Preregistered)
Pipal, Song, Boomgaarden (2022)
Example: Evaluation II
Inductive (automatic) methods
K-means with TFIDF
PCA with TF-IDF
LDA
STM
ANTMN
(Burscher et al., 2016; Greussing & Boomgaarden, 2017; DiMaggio et al., 2013; Nicholls & Culpepper, 2021; Walter & Ophir, 2019)
Semi-supervised methods
Seeded-LDA
keyATM
(Watanabe & Zhou, 2020; Eshima et al., 2020)
Keywords from two journalism researchers
k = 5
Multiverse analysis (an example)
Method comparison
Contributions
A counterfactual data for benchmarking frame detection methods
Limitations: “Counterfactual”, small n (not sustainable $$$), only one type of generic frame, Turtles all the way down
Preliminary methodological implications: read our paper
